Grade

In the construction industry, “grade” refers to the level of the ground around a building or other structure. The grade is typically determined by surveying and is used to ensure proper drainage away from the building and to provide a stable and level surface for construction. Grades are classified into different categories, depending on their elevation relative to a reference point, and are used to describe the slope or level of the ground.

Composition and Structure

Grades are typically described using the following terms:

• Above Grade: Above grade refers to any portion of the building or structure that is above the level of the ground. This includes the foundation, walls, floors, and roof.
• At Grade: At grade refers to any portion of the building or structure that is at the level of the ground. This includes the ground floor, driveways, walkways, and patios.
• Below Grade: Below grade refers to any portion of the building or structure that is below the level of the ground. This includes basements, crawl spaces, and underground parking garages.

Functionality

Grades serve several important functions:

• Drainage: Grades ensure proper drainage away from the building, preventing water from pooling around the foundation and causing damage or flooding.
• Stability: Grades provide a stable and level surface for construction, ensuring that the building is structurally sound and secure.
• Accessibility: Grades provide a smooth and even surface for driveways, walkways, and patios, making them accessible to people with disabilities.

Types of Grade

There are several types of grade commonly used in construction:

1. Level Grade: Level grade refers to a flat and even surface with no slope or elevation changes. It is typically used for driveways, walkways, and patios.
2. Sloping Grade: Sloping grade refers to a surface with a gradual slope or incline. It is typically used for landscaping, drainage, and to direct water away from the building.
3. Stepped Grade: Stepped grade refers to a surface with multiple levels or terraces. It is typically used for landscaping, retaining walls, and to create visual interest.

Installation

The process of installing grades typically involves the following steps:

1. Surveying: The existing topography of the site is surveyed to determine the elevation and slope of the ground.
2. Excavation: The site is excavated and graded to the desired elevation and slope, using heavy equipment such as bulldozers, graders, and compactors.
3. Compaction: The graded surface is compacted to ensure stability and prevent settling or erosion over time.
4. Finishing: The graded surface is finished with topsoil, gravel, or pavement, depending on the specific requirements of the project.

Maintenance

Proper maintenance is essential for preserving the functionality and integrity of grades:

• Grades should be inspected regularly for signs of settling, erosion, or damage and repaired or restored as needed.
• Grades should be graded periodically to ensure proper drainage away from the building and to prevent water from pooling or flooding.
• Grades should be cleared of debris, leaves, and other obstructions to ensure proper drainage and prevent erosion or damage to the surface.

Conclusion

Grades are an essential element in construction, providing proper drainage away from the building, a stable and level surface for construction, and accessibility for driveways, walkways, and patios. By properly surveying, excavating, and grading the site, construction professionals can ensure the stability and integrity of the buildings they construct.